Taking a Look at Poaching - 796 Words

Poaching Poaching is the illegal hunting of any protected animal for personal gain. Poaching has been acknowledged for over one thousand years. Originally they were raiders that attacked livestock for survival. Modern poachers are well equipped and hunt to sell their body parts for large sums of money from international collectors. The poachers themselves are often very poor and work in gangs. OneGreenPlanet writes, â€Å"The Sumatran Tiger is a critically endangered species right now. It is poached and sold for its parts (skin, teeth, bones, and claws) which sell for up to $5,000. Poaching is more lucrative than other jobs that are available in the region; a harsh reality faced by many individuals and communities.† Many who revert to poaching, especially in poor areas, revert to it out of necessity. Sharks are tricked to vessels and got on a snare that pulls them on board. Their dorsal balances are cut off and their bodies tossed go into the sea. Without blades they cant swim and will pass on. The unlawfully acquired blades are utilized to make shark blade soup, a delicacy in Asia. Tigers are butchered for their striped hide, elephants are executed for their ivory tusks and rhinos their substantial horn. The groups of the creatures are left to decay. This is an occurrence that happens all over the world, but few governments can deal with the problem in an orderly and efficient manner. Poaching has become a worldwide market and individuals make millions off of hunting theseShow MoreRelatedPoaching Problem1738 Words   |  7 PagesDid you know that poaching has led to most animal extinctions this century? Poaching is a continuously growing problem that will cause many problems to the environment and people. Poaching can be defined as the illegal hunting of animals on land that is not the hunters own. Poaching does not only happen in unprotected lands such as the wilderness, but it has also happened in protected lands such as zoos. Animals may soon become extinct because of the high rate of killing the poachers are doing. IfRead MoreCause Of Poverty In Africa976 Words   |  4 Pagesof people are being affected by this. This can cause terrible suffering and possibly even death. Poverty is the biggest problem because it leads to poaching, piracy, and the issue with child laboring and trafficking. Poaching is one of the leading effects of the poverty in Africa. There are many poachers who are seeking money, but the only way they look at finding it is through killing wildlife. They are illegally killing animals, especially elephants, and ivory. Many countries, usually of Asian originRead MoreThe Netflix Act Ethically On Poaching The Two Fox Executives?1411 Words   |  6 PagesShort Report Did Netflix Act Ethically In Poaching The Two Fox Executives? Ethics is defined as the area of study that deals with determining what is good and bad behavior. For a company to be unethical, it would take part in actions that are not acceptable for every company to take part in. An example of some unethical behaviors in companies include but are not limited to; damage to the environment, exploiting the workforce by paying low wages, taking part in child labor, or producing productsRead MoreThe Effects Of Deforestation On The Environment1379 Words   |  6 Pagesedge of extinction,as the unwealthy class looks for ways to make money, they turn to a valuable and rare source of goods to sell. In the area they live, wild animals are in an abundance and because of the poor protection the government puts on them, are seen as easily obtainable items.†Wildlife crime is a big business. Run by dangerous international networks, wildlife and animal parts are trafficked much like illegal drugs and arms.†(World WildLife) Poaching is another awful aspect and was very bigRead MoreTrophy Hunting : A Common Controversial Issue Among People1596 Words   |  7 Pageshunting that generally creates feelings of animosity among people is trophy hunting. There are very few ethical theories and ideas that support trophy hunting. Trophy hunting is a form of hunting in which the hunter kills an animal with the main goal of taking a part or parts of that animal for a trophy. The majority of trophy hunting occurs in Africa, with big game as the most popular trophies, but trophy hunting also applies to non-exotic species as well. In this paper, I will start with introducing aRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Good Job ! 2093 Words   |  9 Pagestrigger and tuck the short barreled weapon to my chest. â€Å"Good job!†, says the man to my right through a thick Afrikaans accent. He is wearing full battle-dress camouflage and has the look of someone who commands respect. â€Å"Now again†, he says. I fire three more shots from the LM-5, then draw my pistol, taking carful aim and fire again. The weapon responds to my careful touch and kicks back as the holes in the target show that I have hit my mark. â€Å"Rangers, Attention!†, he yells, and weRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Hunger Games995 Words   |  4 PagesIf we compare the suffering on par with Katnisss, we look like horrible monsters. Even though this may be just pure fiction, there are 795 million people in the real-world that are starving. Here, in developed nations, citizens are complaining about what they get and how they want it. Well-fed people suffer from not getting enough of the foods they want. Looking back, I am angered by how I picky I was. Every time I complained, I did not look at Katnisss situation or the other 795 million peopleRead MorePoaching of Endangered Species2264 Words   |  10 PagesPoaching of Endangered Species â€Å"The main reason for animals endangered is the uncontrolled human activity.† This quote was stated on a website called Animal Port. There are many reasons why this statement is true, one of them are poaching. Poaching occurs out of greed to make money. Although there are several laws to protect certain animals, this is a horrible act to any animal. Especially for the animals that are already endangered. Poachers minimizing these animal’s numbers for their ownRead MoreThe Reasons Why Animals Started Becoming The Endangered1402 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a jacket you would wear only for the fall time. Where you can also buy faux leather or â€Å"fake† meaning it look and feel like leather, but it’s not. These jackets may only last a half or third of the time, but they are also a third of a price for a real one. Ugg boots are very popular in teenage and young women. You see them mostly in the winter time, and can always tell because they look like b rown slippers with â€Å"UGG† stamped into the back. They are also an expensive purchase as the can be anywhereRead MoreThe Human Of Endangered Species1309 Words   |  6 Pagesspecies. But global warming has helped play a part in it as well. Even though the answers to solving the problem on saving endangered species are known and well aware of, not enough of the human has reached out to lend a hand. The greed of mankind is taking away plants and animals habitats. It is affecting the food chain for animals and is killing off many plants that provide something as valuable as medicine. What is needed to be deeply understood is that failing to protect endangered species devastates

1984 Dystopia Analysis - 1539 Words

The perfect world has never existed nor will it ever. Someone persons view on something great could be another worst nightmare. In some cases people mistake utopias for dystopias. A utopia is an ideal place of state or living (â€Å"Utopia†). A dystopia is a society of characterized by human misery, a squalor, oppression, disease, or overcrowding (â€Å"Dystopia†). In George Orwell’s book 1984 the society is depicted as a utopia when in reality it’s not the perfect place, it’s written to represent a dystopia. It takes place in 1984 in a dystopian America where it’s actually called â€Å"Ocieana†. The book tries to make itself seem like a perfect society, using propaganda, and presented government. They would look like the perfect society to some people†¦show more content†¦Propaganda that’s is used is â€Å"War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength† (Orwell). Propaganda is something that is used to make people think they live in a utopia. While the people of Oceania believe they live in a utopia and follow what everyone else says they will keep living in an illusion of this society. The cycle will never stop unless someone is willing to call it out. So in our society the many form of utopia always are thrown in our faces. We never stop seeing it so everything has become the norm to us. It will never stop being show to us unless the world goes into an apocalypse. Even then in an apocalypse outburst shown in T.V shows and movies we can still live in a dystopian society. Dystopia is something that can be real and takes many shapes and forms. They can either be something that scares us or dehumanizes us. No matter the dystopia if it goes against human morals then it can be classified as a dystopia. The dystopian traits can be seen in 1984 by George Orwell. As mentioned the telescreen are used to watch people in their homes and to catch suspicious activity. â€Å"The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it, moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard† (Orwell). This is something that in this society is the normal thing but to us it’sShow MoreRelated1984 Argument1249 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s book 1984 is a very interesting novel. The novel is set up in Airstrip One. In George Orwell’s book 1984 it has many situations. One of the many situations are that some people refer society as â€Å"Orwellian.† What does Orwellian mean? Orwellian means, of or related to the works of George Orwell ( especially his picture of his future totalitarian state.) People believe that Orwell is realistic and say his work part of our society now. George Orwell was a writer in the twentieth centuryRead MoreTheory : Cognitive Learning Theory Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pageslike organizing their materials, using clear and simple language, and breaking the input into smaller chunks. My lesson plan, Introducing Dystopian Literature uses attention grabbing at several key points during the lesson. I begin by showing the 1984 Apple Commercial which is only a minute long, but grabs attention by using powerful imagery to create an emotional response. It also has a narrative that students can follow and connect to. By putting this right in the beginning of the lesson, IRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s The Return Of Mr. Charrington Shop 1258 Words   |  6 PagesCharrington, and views several antiques and the room that is for rent. In Winston’s return to Mr. Charrington shop, imagery and diction is used to masterfully establish the tone and infuse the passage with dejected emotions and intellectual depth unique to 1984, as well as to support the theme of the past. Mr. Charrington’s shop, and later the upstairs room, become a common scene later in book. Therefore, the description of the setting is integral to having the audience effectively connect to the narrativeRead MoreEssay on 1984 Big Brother’s Dystopian World1015 Words   |  5 PagesHannah Porter Mrs. West College Prep Writing-Literary Analysis September 29th, 2011 Big Brother’s Dystopian World Dystopia: a society characterized by human misery and oppression. A Dystopian world is controlled by a government that can do no wrong. They weed out the individuals and groups that have the thought or intend to commit their lives to â€Å"dethroning† the ruler; Big Brother. The government will do anything to protect their way of life. They will go to the extremes of changingRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World 2696 Words   |  11 Pages Dystopia literally translates as not-good place and, paradoxically â€Å"No place†. It is a literacy concept describing a society characterised by undesirability defined by general human interpretation. In such societies, responsibility is almost universally placed on an oppressive and inexorable state, denaturing what defines one as human. This can be applied to both the settings of ‘Brave New World and ‘1984’. However, both authors approach their respective dystopian visions in different w aysRead More1984 Propaganda1571 Words   |  7 Pages1984: Propaganda and Persuasion A) The 5 examples of different techniques of propaganda and persuasion from 1984 are: * Glittering Generality- emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. * Ad Hominem- Attacking ones opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments * Milieu Control- An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure. * Bandwagon- Appeals attempt to persuadeRead MoreThe Death of John Savage in Brave New World2197 Words   |  9 PagesHuxley’s futuristic novel. The extreme differences in the Brave New World society and present-day society are quite vast, and even though the future seems to be a perfect utopia, its flawed ideals have undermined the goal of a utopian society into a dystopia. One of the largest flaws in the futuristic society is the lack of religion and god. The World Controller, Mustapha Mond, dictates, ‘there was a thing, as Ive said before, called Christianity [...] the ethics and philosophy of under-consumptionRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 Essay2089 Words   |  9 PagesThe analysis of Ray Bradbury s dystopian novel, Fahrenheit 451, shows that literature as books, education and alike is abused and criminalized in the hero’s reality, who is Guy Montag. The novel’s setting is when new things seem to have totally replaced literature, fire fighters set flames instead of putting them out, the ownership of books is deserving of the law and to restrict the standard is to court demise. T he oppression of literature through innovation and technology can be analyzed throughRead MoreThe Dystopia By George Orwell2154 Words   |  9 PagesThe dystopia depicted in 1984 is a direct result of author George Orwell’s exposure to the oppressive regimes of his day. At the time of Orwell’s composition of the novel, authoritarian governments of the 1940s posed a real and dangerous threat to the free citizens of Europe. Much of what he saw in the Nazi and communist regimes inspired the Party, the government of Oceania, in his text 1984. The text argues that the effectiveness of an authoritarian regime depends on its ability to dehumanize itsRead MoreFilm Analysis - Blade Runner Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesMAC 170: INTRODUCTION TO FILM STUDIES ASSIGNMENT ONE – FILM ANALYSIS FILM CHOSEN: Blade Runner (1982) EXTRACT: INT – Sebastian’s Building, starting with the shot of Deckard climbing up the wall. Duration: 9 minutes (Chapter 30, Blade Runner: The Final Cut, 2007) The following essay will be a close analysis of an extract from the 1982 film Blade Runner, which was directed by Ridley Scott. Blade Runner is a science-fiction film based on the book ‘Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep’ which

Natural Science Physics free essay sample

This seems to go in a linear pattern however not enough information to determine why the sudden drop after the peak. 2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water. If the added dissolved oxygen in water is increased then the greater the number of fish will be observed. 3. What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? My experimental approach would be is to have dissolved oxygen water at hand pouring after a certain amount and time to observe the fish that is gathering at a certain area in the water. Recording my observation in a controlled environment is the key with the safety in mind. 4. What are the independent and dependent variables? The independent variable is the dissolved oxygen water and the dependent variable is the amount of fish that appears. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Science Physics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5. What would be your control? Water absent of dissolved oxygen, temperature, humidity, the current if plausible. 6. What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why? A line graph is the appropriate data set to show the increases and decreases of observed fish to appear at a certain level of dissolved oxygen water. . Graph the data from Table 1: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise). You may use Excel, then â€Å"Insert† the graph, or use another drawing program. You may also draw it neatly by hand and scan your drawing. If you choose this option, you must insert the scanned jpg image here. 8. Interpret the data from the graph made in Question 7. As you add increments of dissolved oxygen water the population of fish increases. However, once it reaches a certain peak the population dips then returns back up. It is uncertain why this happened but all I can say is that I need more information of whether the change was influenced by other variables and will the population of fish stay constant if the added dissolved water increases further on. Exercise 2: Testable Observations Determine which of the following observations (A-J) could lead to a testable hypothesis. For those that are testable: Write a hypothesis and null hypothesis What would be your experimental approach? What are the dependent and independent variables? What is your control? How will you collect your data? How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)? How will you analyze your data? 1. When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows three inches faster per day than when it is placed on a coffee table in the middle of the living room. Testable Hypothesis: If I place the plant on the window sill and not on the coffee table located in the middle of the living than my plant will grow 3 inches faster per day. Null hypothesis: If I place my plant on the window sill and not on the coffee table located in the middle of the living room than my plant will not grow as fast per day. What would be your experimental approach? I would have two plants to compare one on the window sill and one on the coffee table in the middle of the room. I would collect measurements in centimeters with a ruler and record my findings every day for three weeks. What are the dependent and independent variables? Independent variable is the plant on the window sill. Dependent variable is how fast the plant grows. What is your control? The control is the regular plants outside the garden. How will you collect your data? Every day for three weeks I will record the growth in cm and comprise a table after three weeks. Then I would make a line graph to compare the plants growth speed. Record any physical findings that might alter my experiment. How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)? I will present my finding on a line graph labeled for two plants showing the difference throughout the days in the three weeks. How will you analyze your data? I would analyze my data by proving that my hypothesis was right that the plant will grow faster on the window sill compared to the coffee table. Then point out other factors that could influence the plants growth for having a dirty window would block most of the sun’s rays, the amount of water it needs during the day, the soil that needs tending for it to grow, or other plant characteristic to help it to grow. Sometimes researching beforehand would be the best bet to ensure its growth. 2. The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eyes and is taller than the other tellers. Not Testable 3. When Sally eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she does not exercise and eats unhealthy foods. Testable Hypothesis: Eating healthy food and exercising regularly, lowers Sally’s blood pressure by 10 points than not exercising and eating unhealthy food. Null hypothesis: Eating unhealthy food and not exercising will lower Sally’s blood pressure by 10 points than eating healthy food and exercising regularly. What would be your experimental approach? The experimental approach is to make Sally eat healthy food and exercise regularly for three weeks and check her blood pressure and heart rate for the next 15 days. While comparing her previous BPs’ before she decided to change her life style. What are the dependent and independent variables? Independent variable: Sally bringing down her Blood pressure. Dependent variable: eating unhealthy food without exercise brings bp up by 10 points. What is your control? Control is the amount Sally eats per week and the amount of hours spent in the gym exercising. How will you collect your data? Sally keeps a journal of her daily diet and exercise for 3 weeks and comes in for blood pressure checkups every day for the next few weeks. I would compare the diastolic and systolic pressures to the past results before she changed her life style. How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)? The data will be presented in a line chart showing the systolic and diastolic results. How will you analyze your data? I will analyze the data and observe the numbers and ask Sally questions that might be stressors in her life that might change her results. 4. The Italian restaurant across the street closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at 10 pm. Not testable 5. For the past two days the clouds have come out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 3:15 pm. Not Testable 6. George did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings. Not testable ? Exercise 3: Conversion For each of the following, convert each value into the designated units. 1. 46,756,790 mg = _46. 75679_____ kg 2. 5. 6 hours = ___20160_____ seconds 3. 13. 5 cm = ___5. 31_____ inches 4. 47  °C = ___116. 6____  °F Exercise 4: Accuracy and Precision 1. During gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in a minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67. 2. The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89. 5. The top 4th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91 and 87. The four students who beat 45 sit-ups in one minute relates to accuracy. For the average score for the 5th grade math class compared to the 4th grade top students is an example of precision due to the close averages. 2. Yesterday the temperature was 89  °F, tomorrow it’s supposed to be 88 °F and the next day it’s supposed to be 90 °F, even though the average for September is only 75 °F degrees! Accuracy 3. ? Four friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a picture of their results shown to the right: Precision 4. A local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies that they had inside a large jar. The first six people guessed the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies. Accuracy Exercise 5: Significant Digits and Scientific Notation Part 1: Determine the number of significant digits in each number and write out the specific significant digits. 1. 405000= 3 sig dig= 4. 05*10^5 2. . 0098= 2 sig dig=9. 8*10^-3 3. 39. 999999= 8 sig dig= 3. 9999999*10^1 4. 13. 00= 4 sig dig= 1. 3*10^1 5. 80,000,089= 8 sig dig= 8. 0000089*10^7 6. 55,430. 00= 7 sig dig= 5. 543*10^4 7. 0. 000033= 2 sig dig= 3. 3*10^-5 8. 620. 03080= 7 sig dig=6. 200308*10^2 Part 2: Write the numbers below in scientific notation, incorporating what you know about significant digits. 1. 70,000,000,000= 7. 0*10^10 2. 0. 000000048= 4. 8*10^-8 3. 67,890,000= 6. 789*10^7 4. 70,500= 7. 05*10^4 5. 450,900,800= 4. 509008*10^8 6. 0. 009045= 9. 045*10^-3 7. 0. 023=2. 3*10^-2

Media Management Norms in the Industry

Alabarran, Chan-Olmsted and Wirth (2006, 275) believe that media management stands alone as a distinct field of management for two major reasons. The first reason is the unique position that media organizations as well as their output occupy in the cultural and political life of societies and nations where they operate in (Cook 1998, 122; Sparrow 1999, 46; Golding Murdock 2005, 68).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Management Norms in the Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Croteau and Hoynes (2001, 54) and Mcchesney (2008, 44) believe that media organizations have the capacity, and in some situations, the obligation to influence the cultural and political behaviours, attitudes as well as opinions of audiences. The second reason is its economic position. Media organizations produce products which are quite different from products offered by businesses in other industries. (Napoli 2003a, 106) states th at media organizations produce content which are distributed to audiences as well as audiences to be distributed to advertisers. (Hamilton 2004, 11) confirms that it is these products, content and audiences, which make the media to have distinct economic characteristics that distinguish the media industry from other industries across the globe. It is these economic distinctive characteristics that require managers of media companies to have specialized training as well as specialized understanding of the unique dynamics of the industry’s marketplace so as to be able to make effective managerial decisions and strategic plans (Herrick 2004, 102). This paper discusses how content and audiences have affected the structures of media organizations. Content and audience have significant influence on various political and cultural issues in the society. Therefore media organizations have to focus on the core of the businesses while serving the information needs of the audiences (Bark in 2002, 168). However, the increasing competition in the market among media companies has created intense competition for audience attention. This has largely been caused by the increased channel capacity of different forms traditional media, television and radio, as well as the growth of content delivery technologies such as the internet and Direct Broadcast Satellite. Napoli (2003b, 64) says that these factors have fragmented the media audience such that it has become quite a challenge for one media outlet to attract significant audiences.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where there was once two international television networks, CNN and BBC, there are several of them nowadays including CNBC, CNN, BBC, FOX News, Al-Jazeera, MSNBC as well as numerous other regional and national television channels. Alabarran, Chan-Olmsted and Wirth (2006, 284) report that an average home receives more than a hundred television channels which is also supplemented by content from the internet. However, the huge increase in the content options available to audiences has not been accompanied by increase in the amount of money that people spend on media. Consequently, the structure of most media organizations has changed in attempts to remain relevant in the market (Vogel 2004, 156)). Some media companies have formed mergers while others operate in joint partnerships to achieve economies of scale as they reduce costs. Mergers and partnerships allow media companies to increase the content they provide to the audiences while still maintaining profitability (Doyle 2002, 211). Partnerships allow them to share news content, production equipment, newspaper distribution, costs for capturing events as well as transport costs incurred in collecting information. Marketing research has also become very important in the structures of media organizations especially in the print indu stry as result of changing consumer (audience) trends. The increasing available content options especially the internet, which can be easily accessed through mobile phones and other devices, has influenced decline in newspaper readership. Thus, media companies are increasingly relying on media research as well as focus groups to be able to decide on the content of their newspapers. As such, media organizations are continuously investing in their marketing departments to be able to present content that make them relevant to the audiences they serve. According to Craft and Davis (2000, 225) media companies have to enhance their ability to successfully serve the public interest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Media Management Norms in the Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The distinct economic characteristics of the media industry, content and audience, have also influenced the type of media ownership stru ctures adopted by most media organizations. (Compaine 1995, 758: Picard 2002, 203) states that media organization managers are adopting business structures that enhance their abilities to provide more audience service-oriented content as well as services. Some media organizations have adopted more concentrated ownership structures which provide them with greater resources to devote to content delivery (Compaine and Gomery 2000, 123). This allows them greater economic efficiency as they are able to reduce costs of collecting news content as well as expenditure on staff (Einstein 2004, 76). Media organizations which adopt concentrated ownership structures employ relatively fewer journalists to collect information since the information collected to be broadcasted on television are also broadcasted on radio, and produced in newspapers. This means that media organizations can use one information sources to serve various audiences using different media channels. Again, such media organiza tions present wide content since they have journalists employed to meet every sector in each media category that the organization deals. Alabarran, Chan-Olmsted and Wirth (2006, 287) report that a study that was conducted by the Federal Communication Commission in 2003 revealed that television stations which have newspaper holdings always provide more local news as well as public affairs programming as compared to media companies without newspaper holdings. Thus, newspaper-television cross-ownership has become very important in ensuring wide content for audiences considering that the economics of media marketplace have undergone significant changes over the past two decades (Napoli 2004, 115). Napoli (2002, 172) and (Denison, Frenette Spavins 2002, 243) state that the economics of scope as regards content collection and dissemination across various distribution technologies have encouraged the production of public interest content.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Media companies which operate in one distribution channel form partnerships with other media companies with different content distribution channel to be able to acquire more content at reduced costs (Hollifield 2004 83). As competition in the media industry marketplace continues, media companies consistently expand to reach as many audiences as they can. Large national as well as multinational media outlets are increasing their ability to effectively reach more audiences and to provide content that serve the needs of audiences in specific geographical regions (Napoli 2000, 578; Napoli 2009, 169). As a result, large media companies are opening up media outlets (subsidiaries) in other countries to enable them collect and disseminate information relevant to these audiences while integrating them with international news. The need to reach more audiences and present wider content has prompted media organizations to build their satellites in various regions across the world. In some cases , multinational media companies collaborate with local media companies to construct their Direct Broadcast Satellite in their firms so as to be able to transmit content gathered directly to their transmission stations. Bowman and Willis (2003, 9) state that the distinctive economic characteristics of the media industry, audience and content, have influenced media organizations to adopt different models in their business processes as they seek to provide quality content to their audiences. Bowman and Willis (2003, 11) state that some media companies adopt top-down news model where the media organization has total control over the content that the audience receive. The media organization filters all contents before presenting them to the audience. All news from advertisers and other sources have to pass through the media organization before they are presented on television shows, newspapers and web sites. This means that everybody involved in content gathering submits their contents t o be edited or rejected. On the other hand, some media organizations prefer to let audience access the content without filtering. These organizations adopt bottom-up news organization structure. They are structured such that all participants in the media broadcasting process have opportunity to present their contents directly to the audience. In such media organizations, editors, advertisers, reporters, publishers, community as well as the audience are allowed to participate in content production (Hamilton 2004, 287). All the participants have the opportunity to change roles in the content production process so as to allow the audience to get involved. The audience have a chance to share their opinions and to contribute in content gathering as well as production. They make comments and interact with the management team of the media organization, reporters, advertisers and editors. Bowman and Willis (2003, 11) state that in this structure anyone can be a reporter. Media organizations which adopt intercast (bottom-up news) structure have the ability to provide wide content since the audience are also involved in news collection. Most media organizations especially large national and multinational companies have adopted the intercast structure to gather information from the audience and the community as a whole, as well as, in presenting content to other audience. This normally happens through interviews both on television and off-air, commentary and analysis, opinion sections in newspapers and magazines and direct reporting from the audiences. Thus, this structure helps media organizations improve their interactivity with audiences, and hence, achieve audience loyalty. The distinct nature of the media industry has created need to adopt organization structures which enhance interactivity between the media organizations and the audience. Thus, most media organizations have adopted numerous interactivity as well as communication technology such as web blogs, websit es as well as discussion boards. These allow media organizations to understand their audiences and therefore develop programs and produce contents which meet the audiences’ interest. The media industry is very distinctive due to the products that it offers to consumers. Content is produced to be distributed to the audience, and this makes the industry unique as compared to other industries. Content and audience therefore influences the structure of media organizations and the way the organizations operate. Media organizations have to adopt structures which allow them to provide quality content to the audience while reducing costs. Thus partnerships and concentrated-ownership structures have been adopted to help media organizations increase the quantity and quality of their content so as to reach more audiences while operating at lower costs. Reference List Albarran, A. B., Chan-Olmsted, S. M., and Wirth. M. O., 2006. Handbook of media management and economics. Mahwah, New Jer sey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 274-287. Barkin, S. M., 2002. American television news: The media marketplace and the public interest. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. P. 168. Bowman, S., and Willis, C., 2003. We media: How audiences are shaping the future of news and information. New York: The American Press Institute. Compaine, B. M., 1995. The impact of ownership on content: Does it matter? Cardozo Arts Entertainment Law Journal, 13, pp. 755-780. Compaine, B. M., and Gomery, D., 2000. Who owns the media? Competition and concentration in the mass media, 3rd ed. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 123. Cook, T., 1998. Governing with the news: The news media as political institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 122. Craft, S., and Davis, C., 2000. New media synergy: Emergence of institutional conflicts of interest. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 15, pp. 219-231. Croteau, D., and Hoynes, W., 2001. The business of media: Corporate media and the public area. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. p. 54 Denison, L., Frenette, J., and Spavin, T. C., 2002. The measurement of local television news and public affairs programs. Washington DC: Federal Communications Commission. p. 243. Doyle, G., 2002. Understanding media economics. London: Sage. p. 211. Einstein, M., 2004. Media diversity: Economics, ownership, and the FCC. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Golding, P., and Murdock, G., 2005. Culture, communications and political economy. In J. 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The economics and financing of media companies. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 203. Sparrow, B. H., 1999. Uncertain guardians: The news media as a political institution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 46. Vogel, H., 2004. Entertainment industry economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p.156. This essay on Media Management Norms in the Industry was written and submitted by user Aria Richardson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.